Public Science & Reference

Biological warfare (previously called germ warfare) is the use of disease causing microorganisms as military weapons. One of the earliest recorded uses of biological weapons occurred in the fourteenth century when invading Asian armies used a device called a catapult to hurl bodies of plague victims over city walls to infect the resisting towns’ people. It is thought that this practice resulted in the spread of the Black Death throughout Europe, killing millions of people in four years. Toward the end of the French and Indian Wars in North America (1689–1763), a British military officer is said to have given blankets infected with smallpox germs to a tribe of Native Americans, resulting in their infection with the often fatal disease. In more modern times, an outbreak of inhalation anthrax (a disease caused by inhaling the spores of the anthrax bacterium) in a city in Russia resulted in over 1,000 deaths in 1979. It is thought that this outbreak may have resulted from an accident at a biological warfare facility. Biological warfare is among the least commonly used military strategies. Most military leaders have been reluctant to release microorganisms that might cause an uncontrolled outbreak of disease, affecting not only the enemy but friendly populations as well.

The microorganisms generally considered suitable for biological warfare include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and fungi. Toxins produced by microorganisms also are considered biological weapons. These agents are capable of causing sickness or death in humans or animals, destroying crops, or contaminating water supplies. Various bacteria have been used or experimented with as biological weapons. Anthrax is an infectious disease that can be passed from cattle and sheep to humans. Inhaling anthrax spores can result in a deadly form of pneumonia. During World War II (1939–45), Japan and Great Britain built and tested biological weapons carrying anthrax spores, and the inhalation of anthrax may still be a threat as a biological weapon today.

Rare is the student who breathes and eats biology but with the use of biological microscopes, students who have little taste for the subject can learn something useful.

Impressions on the Biological Microscopes

You cannot escape biology; it is a basic lab requirement in grade school, mid-school, high school, and college. The point here is to awaken student’s interest in the sciences or open a new whole world for them and that world is the ‘invisible life’ seen under the microscope. If you have seen those biological microscopes in Toronto shops, and how these are carefully handled, you must start wondering why.

The first time students use a biological microscope, they only understand the entire microscopy process as magnified viewing of living and non-living things. They do not understand the entire principle of microscopy nor do they value the significance of microscopes. From their points of view, a biological microscope is just a microscope and that’s that. But once they handle those biological microscopes in Toronto shops, they get to know equipment as basic learning tool.

Equipped with technical and electronic functions, the biological microscope transforms into professional microscopes. The next time or the first time you use those microscopes, use it to your advantage. Know the microscope parts and their uses and read up on the microscope illumination to better appreciate the role of the microscope in your biology lab. Visit trusted dealers of biological microscopes in Toronto to check the microscope brands available and request for a demo to see how well it works.

Understanding Your Biology Lessons

Heinz Kohut developed the theory of Self Psychology at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis. As it stands, Self Psychology explains psychopathology as developmental needs that have been interrupted or unmet. There are several concepts that are crucial aspects of this theory, including empathy, mirroring, idealizing and the tripolar self. Though Self Psychology asserts the Freudian concepts of drive and conflict, these concepts are understood as a completely separate framework.

Kohut first came to psychoanalysis by studying neurology and psychiatry; he loved the theories of analysis and immortalized Freud for his primitive concepts. In the 1960s, Heinz Kohut began to explore the boundaries of narcissism and called his findings the “psychology of the self.” In 1971, Kohut published his work, “The Analysis of the Self,” arguing the new theory as a more patient-based analytical strategy; if therapy was to be successful, the patient needed to address foremost the self.

Kohut established four developmental stages of the human self:

1. Nuclear — human babies are born with this; it is a biologically determined psychological identity. It takes no work; it is thrust upon each individual and begins the journey of the human self.

2. Virtual– the nuclear self meets this; it is the self as seen in the minds of the parents. The child has no control over the emergence of this self, as it is the one that is impressed on the child by its caregivers.

3. Cohesive — the point where the interaction of the previous selves leads the child to regulate and organize the activities of the ego, where along the way:

4. Grandiose – an identity that sees oneself as at the epicenter of everything; as Freud had often stated, children find themselves to be the center of the universe until reaching a certain age, where others emerge and settle comfortably within their world. This self is struggling on the verge of narcissistic rage.

Summer internships create opportunities for psychology students to enhance their educational endeavors and find a good job after graduation. Summer internships provide on the job experience, a necessary requirement when entering today’s competitive job market. Students can benefit from summer internships by attaining marketable job skills, networking and learning the ins and outs of their chosen field.

Before looking for internships, psychology students should know what kind of internship they are interested in undertaking. Wasting time on unrelated fields will not help the a student in his or her future job search. All students should know what their objectives are for obtaining a summer internship.

Many summer internships for psychology students are unpaid. Being open-minded about not getting paid for a summer will greatly increase the chances of finding an internship. A few internships for students do offer payment and some can be applied towards tuition credit. But it is best to be prepared for an unpaid internship.

To find summer internships, students should first look in their department at school. Instructors and department heads may have information on companies that are hiring summer interns. They may also be able to provide contact information that can aid in the search.

The college’s career service center is also a good resource for finding summer internships. They will have inside knowledge on who is looking for interns and companies that would be a good fit for students.

Psychology students can also find guidebooks that offer details on summer internships. Internship websites are plentiful and provide good resources for psychology students. Some employers will advertise directly with the college. Colleges usually hold at least one annual career or internship fair per semester.

Social science is the study of the society and the man behind its invention was Auguste Comte who became interested in studying the changes that were taking place in society after French and Industrial revolution. Social sciences concern people’s relationships and interactions with one another. During the French revolution France system changed dramatically and people changed their positions; aristocrats lost their positions and peasants who were in low positions in society rose into more powerful and influential positions. In Industrial revolution some people abandoned their agricultural activities and they moved to the city to look for jobs in the factories. They were oppressed by their employees for they were forced to work long hours and sometimes they did not receive their payment. Comte looked keenly into the changes that were brought forth by both revolutions and he felt that the social systems that were existing during that time were not addressing chaos and upheavals he saw around him.(Frankfurt,1998)..

He decided to come up with anew science and he named it sociology which comes from a Latin word socius which means companion or being with others. To understand the society in a better position,Comte argued that certain procedures have to be followed and such procedures are known as scientific methods. These are systematic and specific procedures that are used to test theories in psychology, natural sciences and other fields.  By use of sociology, the society can be made a better place for people and to inspire social reforms. Comte also believed in positivism, which is the application of the scientific method to the analysis of society

As a writer, teacher, attorney, and business owner, I can tell you that people will judge you by what you say and how you say it. When you are invited to present a speech at a professional convention or conference, you must take care to present yourself well in your speech. We can all improve our public speaking by learning a few simple techniques which can help prepare us to speak confidently in public. Surveys of Americans have shown that people are most afraid of public speaking; death ranks a mere number two. But you can rein in your fear and speak with confidence if you read on and do your homework.

This article shares with you the ten top ways that you can use today to improve your public speaking.

Top Tip #1: Plan your speech.

Planning plays an important role in all of your communications. In public speaking especially, you should follow the formal research and preparation which an outline requires. This process and its result will keep you organized and flowing in your presentation. This first tip is actually a bundle of tips.

Here’s how to get started and do the outline:

First, ask yourself: Who is my audience?

Assuming this will be your professional group, your colleagues will require a different style and approach than another group. A group of potential customers, for example, will probably need more information about what services your company provides and how you can help them fulfill their needs. On the other hand, your colleagues will want to know your particular expertise and how you go about satisfying customer needs.

Direct all of the ideas and examples toward the audience’s interests and needs.

Second, ask yourself: How do I narrow the topic?

The twentieth century saw much technological advancement in many social spheres ranging from the discovery of the radio, the aeroplane, the atomic bomb and the apex was the going to the moon. All these technological advancements had adverse impacts on the life style of the communities around the world. However, most importantly, is the invention of the Internet and the intranet which historic achievement has greatly impacted on the academic life of many universities around the world. The period of the 1990s ushered in a new world order; the beginnings of the idea of globalisation and its immediate impacts on higher education developments. Globalisation represents the international system that is shaping most societies today including university programs. It is a process that is “super charging” the interaction and integration of cultures, politics, business and intellectual elements around the world.

This paper examines the effects of globalization in terms of technological transformations on the development of universities. The pursuit of technological transformation in higher education has become widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa with the extensive pervasiveness of global networks like the Internet and Intranet as institutions struggle to prepare students for effective participation in the emerging global knowledge economy. Technologically based education is further seen as a way to address the increase in the world demand for tertiary education. The one new university per week is required to keep pace with world population growth but the resources necessary are not available. For instance, since the time of the overwhelmingly increased student enrolments in many public universities in Uganda from the 1990s and onwards, existing resources and infrastructure have not increased commensurate to the same increase in the student capacity. Lecture theatres and libraries are flooding and infrastructure and instructional materials and staff are all constrained with the alarmingly increased student populations. Higher education must develop more cost-effective methods so that public resources can be increased and effectively utilized. A lecture theatre in a public university that sits over 300 students attending an economics class will not be effective if more public address systems are not installed to enable each and every learner benefit from the lecture.